Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), or jowar, faces major yield and grain quality damage from fungal complexes and stalk rots, notably Grain Mold (Fusarium moniliforme / Curvularia lunata), Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina), and Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola). Grain mold attacks developing panicles during rainy weather at maturity, causing grain discoloration and mycotoxin contamination. Applying Bacillus subtilis as a seed coating or foliar spray at boot leaf and flowering stages establishes a protective biological barrier over panicles and root systems. The bacteria colonize host surfaces, producing cyclic lipopeptides (surfactin, iturin, fengycin) that inhibit fungal spore germination and stop hyphal expansion in grain tissue.

Beyond disease control, Bacillus subtilis acts as an efficient plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) in cereal crops. It solubilizes fixed soil phosphorus, secretes siderophores for iron mobilization, and secretes natural growth regulators that encourage deep root branching. Enhanced root health supports stalk strength against lodging, improves panicle length, and increases grain size and weight. Regular application ensures clean, high-quality jowar grain suitable for food, feed, and industrial processing.

Importance of Bacillus subtilis in Sorghum Cultivation

Sorghum productivity depends on rapid seedling establishment, healthy root growth, and vigorous tillering during the early growth stages. Healthy roots ensure efficient uptake of nutrients and water, helping plants withstand drought and produce larger panicles with well-filled grains.

Bacillus subtilis rapidly colonizes the rhizosphere and competes with harmful fungi and bacteria for nutrients and space. It also produces natural antimicrobial metabolites that suppress disease-causing organisms while promoting beneficial microbial populations.

Healthy roots contribute to stronger stems, larger panicles, improved grain filling, and increased fodder biomass.